Cognition & Learning

Support for learning differences may be required when learners make less than the expected rate of progress over time despite implementing appropriate adaptation.

The SEND Code of Practice (2015, 6.30) explains that support for learning differences may be required when learners make less than the expected rate of progress over time despite implementing appropriate adaptations. For example:

Have difficulty in understanding parts of the curriculum
Have difficulties with organisation and memory skills
Have a specific difficulty affecting a particular part of their learning, such as in literacy or numeracy

Learning differences cover a wide range of needs, including:

Moderate Learning Difficulties (MLD): This term is used when a learner experiences a broad range of difficulties with learning.
Specific Learning Difficulties (SpLD): Specific difficulties affect one or more specific aspects of learning and describe a range of conditions such as dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dyspraxia.
Severe Learning Difficulties (SLD).
Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD).

Universal Approaches

This section should be read in conjunction with Section 1: Universal Approaches, which together provide a robust framework for supporting all learners across educational settings. The universal strategies outlined are designed to promote inclusive practice and ensure that every pupil has access to high-quality teaching and learning.

Key Components of Universal Guidance

Assessment and Identification: This element outlines best practice recommendations for using a variety of assessment methods to understand learners’ needs. It supports teachers in accurately identifying areas where additional support may be required and in tailoring their approach accordingly.
Curriculum and High-Quality Teaching: This section presents evidence-informed strategies that benefit all learners. These approaches form the foundation of inclusive classroom practice and are essential for creating an environment where every pupil can thrive.

Short code	Description
Reading	Targeted provision and strategies for reading.
Writing	Targeted provision and strategies for writing.
Mathematics	Targeted provision and strategies for maths.
Executive Functioning	A set of cognitive processes that enable learners to manage everyday tasks, such as planning, solving problems, adapting to new situations, and self-regulating to achieve goals.
Specific Difficulties	Specific learning differences/difficulties (SpLD) is an overarching term for a number of associated learning differences. Learners with one or more SpLD may have a ‘spiky profile’ of attainment, with areas of strength and areas of need. The profile of individuals with SpLD is affected by a range of factors, including the cluster of learning differences they experience, their ability, background and opportunities.